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Like UCS-2, the number of bytes per code point is fixed, facilitating code point indexing but unlike UCS-2, UTF-32 is able to encode all Unicode code points.
UTF-32 (also referred to as UCS-4) uses four bytes to encode any given code point, but not necessarily any given user-perceived character (loosely speaking, a grapheme), since a user-perceived character may be represented by a grapheme cluster (a sequence of multiple code points).
As long as it contains no code points in the reserved range U+D800–U+DFFF, a UCS-2 text is valid UTF-16 text. UTF-16 extends UCS-2, by using the same 16-bit encoding as UCS-2 for the Basic Multilingual Plane, and a 4-byte encoding for the other planes. Therefore, UCS-2 is obsolete, though still used in software. With 1,112,064 possible Unicode code points corresponding to characters (see below) on 17 planes, and with over 144,000 code points defined as of version 14.0, UCS-2 is only able to represent less than half of all encoded Unicode characters. UCS-2 uses two bytes (16 bits) for each character but can only encode the first 65,536 code points, the so-called Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP). The first 128 Unicode code points represent the ASCII characters, which means that any ASCII text is also a UTF-8 text. UTF-8, the dominant encoding on the World Wide Web (used in over 95% of websites as of 2020, and up to 100% for some languages) and on most Unix-like operating systems, uses one byte (8 bits) for the first 128 code points, and up to 4 bytes for other characters.
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The most commonly used encodings are UTF-8, UTF-16, and the obsolete UCS-2 (a precursor of UTF-16 without full support for Unicode) GB18030, while not an official Unicode standard, is standardized in China and implements Unicode fully. The Unicode standard defines Unicode Transformation Formats (UTF): UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32, and several other encodings. Unicode can be implemented by different character encodings. The standard has been implemented in many recent technologies, including modern operating systems, XML, and most modern programming languages. Unicode's success at unifying character sets has led to its widespread and predominant use in the internationalization and localization of computer software. The Standard also includes reference data files and visual charts to help developers and designers correctly implement the repertoire.
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Alongside the character encodings, the Consortium's official publication includes a wide variety of details about the scripts and how to display them: normalization rules, decomposition, collation, rendering, and bidirectional text display order for multilingual texts, and so on. The Unicode Standard, however, includes more than just the base code.
The Unicode character repertoire is synchronized with ISO/IEC 10646, each being code-for-code identical with the other. The standard, which is maintained by the Unicode Consortium, defines 144,697 characters covering 159 modern and historic scripts, as well as symbols, emoji, and non-visual control and formatting codes. Unicode, formally the Unicode Standard, is an information technology standard for the consistent encoding, representation, and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems.
Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. This article contains uncommon Unicode characters.
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